Impact of 5G in Daily Life

Also unmute yourself kindly. A very good evening to all the delegates present here, the London speakers as well as the panelists on the ring side. Today we are having an interactive session on the impact of 5G in daily life. This is one of, under the series of, understood and understand and be understood series of our interactive session. I'm sure the delegates will be able to enjoy this interactive session.

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Then let me say a few words about the chairman. The chairman, Captain Parmanjit Ahluwalia, took voluntary retirement at a very young age from Parachute Regiment of the Army and jumped into an unknown area of business career. His warmth, I'll call it, and his contagious, you know, personality, who wins over almost everyone with whom he comes in contact. He was able to bring about the best in his people and his associates. Almost has an internal sense, I would say, to find out a silver lining in a particular situation. Person of impeccable manner and style, courage and conviction, thoughtful and inspiring as a leader.

He has created a business group under the name of Ahluwalia Holding Company, which has offices at multiple locations in India and abroad. He was the past president and former chairman of Council of International Investigations, USA, and is bodied of Malcolm Thompson Award and Kotalia Award by the Council of International Advertisers. Shall moderate this session.

Let me say a few more about the subject as such. Today's subject, that impact of 5G in daily life. 5G, as all of us know, is the 5th generation of cellular network. This is reported to be 100 times faster than 4G, and shall create tremendous opportunities for everyone. Faster connectivity, greater bandwidth shall transform the working in all business enterprises. It will dramatically enhance the date of day-to-day functioning in every walk of life.

The evolution of 5G, from 1G, when we used to carry a brief size, I told another day, telephone with us, to 2G, 3G, 4G and now 5G, which is going to be less than, remember, your pocket size. Probably 5G, which is going to be launched in our country, it will already be launched with various other places in the world, it's going to reshape our professional and personal lives. Now imagine billions of connected devices gathering and sharing information in a real lifetime situation. You just imagine what will happen.

It will result in reduction of, they say, because they are connected from one place to another, where the wakers are going and able to determine where is the danger, where is the survey, this is a road accident should occur. Increase in this sort of, safer flights, flights are dangerous, increase in the safety of the flights. Smarter electricity grids, connectivity of wakers by sharing data, anticipation and warning of national disasters. Then of course nowadays it's a very very famous sort of thing, that it drones, the drone services to support emergency situations and situational responses. Of course remote access to powerful robots for improved safety in risk environment will also be available to us.

But this part is more important for us, the normal general people. It is reported to have adverse impact on the health. Exposure to electromagnetic fields are classified as carcinoic, cancerous. Tissue heating on the human body, they say that the end gives indirect rise to the temperature in the brain and may set in radioactive waves and cause damage to the electrical activity of the brain, which is already there electrically, that may cause damage to the already existing. It is also said that it may cause increase of heartbeat and blood pressures. The long-term effect, they say, can lead to tumors, skin diseases etc. However, nothing conclusive has yet come to the fore. The research done till to grade, it does not have any consistent evidence about visual effect. The question is how far this research is inhibited, is not going at full speed as far as the environmental factors are concerned, is not known to us.

Let us listen to the speaker, Dr Poonam Lohan, who is an expert in this field, as to what she has to say and what she has to explain about the 5G. With these words I hand over the proceedings to shirip.

Oh, thank you. Thank you very much, Mr President. I start with talking a bit about the sponsors of our event today. We have two companies that sponsored the event, and one is Tax Course, which is an examinations platform, and Premier Consulting and Investigations Private Limited, which is a pre-employment screening and a general investigations company. The event is also supported by HubSpot, which is a software for customer relations management, GMD Cargo, Premium Shield Private Limited, a manpower security manpower company, and India Skills Private Limited, a company that partners the Government of India for its examinations. We also have advertising opportunities on NISSMAT, so please contact the NISSMAT office for its advertising opportunities.

We have participants today from the following countries: India, Bangladesh, Guyana, New Zealand, UK, USA and Zambia. On another note, I just want to also add that from 12th of November onwards we are also starting another series in the webinars which is called Defense and Homeland Security, in which we'd be touching on subjects that impact the defense of our countries and the homeland security of nations at large. The first subject of the webinar is Growth of Terrorism in Global Society, which will be on the 12th of November.

I'd also like to share a few words about our illustrious president, Mr Sipal Say. He's a masters in English literature and has served the Government of India in very senior police positions across the length and breadth of our country. He was the founder to raise the Rapid Action Force in India and he was also its first chief. He would later also raise the Indian Internal Security Academy, which is a central police academy at Mount Abu in Rajasthan. During his distinguished service he was decorated with the President's Police Medal for Meritorious Service, for Distinguished Services, this Police Duty Special Duty Medal with bar, a Sena Medal and other recommendations and rewards.

Post retirement he worked as a consultant with the Tata Steel, Tata RNA Steel Company, and was assigned the responsibility to streamline the security and vigilance matters in the coalfield division of Disco to prevent losses to this division. He's also been the chairman of the technical committee of Quality Control of India, which formulated the standards for star rating of private security companies. Earlier he was also involved in developing the curriculum for private security guards training under the Security Sector and Skill Development Council. He was the head of the committee we designed and worked out national occupational standards for the training of private security guards and colleague creation pack, and the national occupation standards for the firefighters.

He was awarded the Security Personality of the Year award by the President of India in 2009. He is currently the advisor to the Asian Professional Security Station, the Indian chapter, and the honorary director general to CAPSI, which is the centralization of private security industry in India, and also the essential of private detectives and investigators. Mr Sipa's face is well known in India as a dynamic security professional. He is frequently called upon to share his views on various subjects connected to homeland security on national news channels.

Now it is my distinct privilege and honor to introduce Dr Poonam Lohan. She is one of the most educated and highly skilled ladies in our country. She has expertise in wireless communications, digital communications, data networks, computer communication networks, convex optimization, signals and systems, information theory, error control coding, detection and estimation theory. She has a PhD, that's a doctorate degree, in electrical engineering from IIT Delhi, where she passed out with the CGPA of 8.15 upon 10 rating. Earlier she did her M.Tech in electronics and communications engineering from NIT Kurukshetra. She's a gold medalist from this university and scored a CGPA of 9.25 upon 10 from this university when she passed out. In a Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering she scored 99.7 percentile.

She has five years of shared experience in doing research in IIT Delhi in the field of performance analysis and resource allocation in heterogeneous cellular networks. She's also worked in the UAV assisted wireless communication networks. She's vastly experienced in software designing and consulting for instrument cluster of four wheeler in an automotive industry. Since 2019 she's teaching and lab conducting in reputed universities. Ladies and gentlemen, I present to you Dr Poonam Lohan. Unmute yourself.

So good evening everyone, and first of all thank you very much for inviting me to be part of this interactive session. So my name is Poonam Lohan and currently I'm working as a faculty at Punjab Engineering College, that is in Chandigarh, in the electronics and communication department. Here, as I told, my research area is in the wireless communication domain. So in today's talk I just want to discuss about the 5G technology, and what, how we are going to implement it, what is the key features of the 5G technology.

And my talk will be divided into three parts. In the first part we will discuss about the history of the cellular technologies, means how these generations are evaluating from first G to 5G and what is the need of that evolution, so we will go through that. In the second part of my talk we will discuss all the applications, what this 5G will gonna provide to us, and what are the challenges in the implementing, or what are the effect of this 5G in our daily life. And in the third part we will discuss that, as a country, India, what we are going to contribute in the development of 5G, what is the progress going on in our country. So we will discuss that also.

So in the starting itself, to discuss about the history of generations. In the first generation of the cellular network, it started in 1918. So firstly we have to understand that we are talking about the wireless technology, right? There is wired technology also, means backhaul we are providing. Throughout the world we are providing backhauls to the fiber cables, and under the sea also fiber cables are deployed to connect complete world. But after this connectivity, when we are coming towards the wireless communication, so how much performance enhancement and experience enhancement we can do with the data rate, and how it is done, so that's why we are improving our generation to the technology enhancement, right? So we are talking about the wireless technology, that is fine. When we are talking about the towers, towers are connected with the fiber cables to the data centers.

So when we are talking about the first G, that was totally analog system, and that was for the voice services, right? Here we could not send any type of data, any type of messages we could not send. We can just talk, and you can see the size of mobile phones also there. So that was the complete analog technology, and three main contenders were there: AMPS, NMT and the TACS. TACS was from UK and AMPS from US. So from all these three technologies we know AMPS better, right, because from all these contenders there was the overwhelming response of the AMPS, and throughout the world this technology was adapted, and it was analog technology. In this we were using the FDMA, frequency division multiple access. So now also we are using FM radios, so there, because you can see the radio jockeys are talking, so we are just conveying the voice signal, right? So FM, so in the starting we were using this FM, FDMA technique.

And if we will talk about its capacity, because in the analog communication we can't just discuss about the speed, but just to take a correlation between the performance, we can say that its speed goes up to 2.4 kbps. Now in the current scenario here we are talking in terms of one Gbps, gigabits per second. So its data speed was very low, and poor security was there, and the battery life also was very poor of these mobile phones. Even though we were able to go mobile, that was a big achievement, right? So but we could not stay here itself on the voice basis. So we wanted to go for the that address, means we want to send message. So we can remember that in the starting when we were sending the message, that were very costly, that was very costly.

So slowly we were moving towards the second generation, where after a decade, or just in 1919 it started, we started towards the digital communication. That is a digital communication, right? And there the GSM, Global System for Mobile Communication, that is a European standard, that was implemented throughout the world, right? Here what we were able to do, we were able to increase the data speed, means from one kbps it could go up to the 64 kbps, right? And here we were able to send the text messages and multimedia messages. And slowly in this generation itself, by changing the technology, there are very famous technology, GPRS, CDMA, we were able to increase the data speed up to 144 kbps, and with this we were able to do the email, web browsing. But even after that the speed was not much enough, and we were calling it as a voice based technology itself. So there was the need of improvement or increasing the data speed here, right?

So then we move towards the 3G technology, 3G cellular technology. So here, if we will see, that we were using the different spectrum band and we were enhancing on our modulation schemes, our technology, our transmission capacity. So we were working on those criteria. So if we are talking about, you know, the CDMA, this is the wideband code division multiple access techniques, means how we are using our resources, spectrum, how efficiently we are using so that we can increase our speed. High speed packet access. So these were the main technology for the 3G.

And from here, because we want to enhance the speed globally, so 3GPP versions. 3GPP is an organization, it is also known as the Third Generation Partnership Project, in which all countries all around the world came together to implement the specification, means to enhance the technologies, how we can reach up to these high speed, our high data rate demands. So with this we were able to reach up to 2 Mbps, right? And we were able to use the TV on the mobiles, and video streaming we were able to do, or we can say that our smartphone era just started in the 2000. And that was a very good technique here that was developed or introduced by China, that was the time division synchronous CDMA, means here time division duplexing we were able to use. That is a very breakthrough technology to enhance the data rate.

So but with this, what was happening in the world? That it was okay that we were able to stream the video, we were watch the mobile TV, but with this iPhone came into picture, and with that YouTube came into picture. So you can see that on the YouTube there's many videos are there, and we just all want to see that, watch that, and Facebook also came. So these all applications were very data hungry applications, right? So this data, what it is provided by the 3G cellular, that was not enough. So there was the requirement of need to totally change the structure of the cellular system.

So if we will go, that there was the incremental advancement from 1G to 2G, 3G, but in the 4G, if we will see, the completely structure of the cellular system was changed. So LTE and WiMAX then came into picture, right? WiMAX was developed by the Intel, and the LTE mostly was developed by the Qualcomm. So but again LTE win over the WiMAX, and LTE is globally known as the 4G technology, LTE, LTE Advanced, right? And with this we were able to enable the frequency division duplexing also, right? So now our data speed went up to the 10 Mbps, and we were able to send our voice also as a data package. So here, even when we are talking about the voice, it was converted into data, right? In the starting it was analog and it was mainly based on the voice, but now everything is becoming as a data, digital data, and we were sending the voice also over the internet protocols. So in the fourth generation it is happening, and now also we are using 4G. So we are able to stream videos, we were able to make video conferencing, now also we are doing. So by using this 4G technology we were able to do everything.

But what was the need of 5G, right? So 5G, really, when we were talking about 4G, 4G was not mainly intended with the very massive connection of the devices, right? As sir was told about the IoT, where everything is connected with the internet. And when we are just providing services at a very crowded place, users were not able to get the high throughput or high data rate. So at a very crowded place also it was not working. And when we are going towards the online gaming, there also very much high data speed is required. And now everything we want to make it as an automotive, and want to make it controlled by the internet. So this 4G cellular technology was not adaptable to that, so that's why there was the need towards the 5G communication or 5G generation.

So if you will just see, our evaluation is happening. In the 1980 first, 1G started, and after 1G we can see the dotted question is for the research, because obviously in the starting we are doing research for every technology, specifications are given, then we are just making the prototypes and then we are... Yes sir, your slides are not moving. Okay, so let me again share my screen. Yes? No? Yes. Thank you.

So, as I told you that for the 5G, to extremely enhance the data rate, we are moving toward the 5G, and these are the timeline how we are going from first generation to 5th generation. So if you will see the dotted line here, that is time duration for the research and standardization, right? Because in the starting this is the first step, to make the specification, to set the standard for the generation. So what is the administration, and in the 1990 we were able to commercialize, commercialized use of the 1G got started. So similarly for the 2G it started in 2000, and these are the technologies, GSM, GPRS, EDGE, I discussed in the 2G generation. Similarly 3G, means the main thing you can see here that we are just enhancing with the technology, how efficiently we can utilize our resources, how efficiently our instrument we can make. So like this we just want to utilize our resources as much as efficiently possible, right?

So in the 2020 we are using now 4G, but we have started the research for the 5G from the 2010 itself, and we were just assuming that in 2020 5G deployment was started. And even in real scenario it has been started in some countries like Norway, Sweden, Japan, so it has been started there. And similarly in India also we are working at a great level for the 5G.

And now in the next slide, we will discuss, you can see here the comparison of all the generation in terms of the data rate, means where 1G was able to give just 2 kbps, 2G is 64 kbps, and in the 3G 144 kbps, 100 Mbps or 10 Mbps we will see, because these are the peak data rate which a technology can provide, but at a user level we are just getting about 10 Mbps. And if we are talking about 5G, we just want to achieve the 1 Gbps per second, right?

So these are some technologies. In LTE we were using the OFDM, orthogonal frequency division multiplexing, and in 5G we are trying to use OFDM, but here we are getting the different frequency bands. We are moving towards the millimeter waves. So how we are doing the carrier aggregation, how we are transmitting our signals on the spectrum, that is completely changed, or we can say we are optimizing that to make the use of spectrum very efficiently.

So another thing is massive MIMO. So what is the use of massive MIMO? In the starting what was happening, that when we were talking about the cellular tower, it was transmitting the signal in all directions, right? Means for example it is transmitting information to one user, it is at a place, but tower is transmitting information in every direction, so a lot of transmission power is getting wasted. But now, using the massive MIMO, we are working on the beamforming, right? So that's why loads of antenna is required, and it will just focus to the particular user direction. So that will happen with that, and we can save the power also at a very high level with this. And what is this, means 1000 times bandwidth? Because we are moving on the millimeter waves, new spectrum we are getting, so we are having the large bandwidth in our pocket to use for the 5G, right?

So okay, that is fine that we are defining about all our generations, but who set the criteria for these old generations, right? So there is a standardized body, that is International Telecommunication Union. It was established in 1865. That is a body of UN agency, and it worked for the spectrum harmonizations throughout the world, means which spectrum where can be used, and it defines the generation, means specifications for the generation you can say, right, standard for the generations. But what is the requirement for the next time, so it is defining that. So we can see here that its technical name is the IMT 2000, right? And for 4G we are saying it IMT Advanced, and for 5G we are saying it IMT 2020, because it was assumed that till 2020 we were able to develop or deploy the 5G technology, so that's why it is given here like this. And after every 10 years, or after a decade, we are just moving towards our next goals, we can say, towards our connectivity of the internet and service what we want to provide.

And whatever specifications it is setting, then ITU is organizing a conference, that is Worldwide Radio Communication Conference. In this conference all countries will participate, and then they will check their specification, and then they will sign, okay, we agree for this specification and we are going to work for that, right? So like this, here all the industries also, wireless companies, will participate in the conference and they will check all the specification, and then they will be agree with these specifications.

So there are some, for example for 5G, they have defined some key performance indicators or requirements for the different user scenarios. Indoor, what is the requirement; outdoor, means when user is outdoor in open environment, what is the requirement. So this specification will be set by the ITU. So for example, peak spectral efficiency, user experience data rate, average spectral efficiency. So these are some performance parameters, or to check the user experience, so these performance indicators are there and their values are defined here. So we can see here that in IMT 2020, 5G, we have doubled the peak spectral efficiency, we have set for the three times the user experience data rate, and average spectral efficiency also we have to improve the three times. So average spectral efficiency, what does it mean? At a spectrum how much data we can transmit in average manner, because spectrum also we have to utilize very efficiently. So this was the main standards set by the ITU.

So if we will see here, mainly, because from here we will get the idea that what 5G means. Only if we will understand this slide, no, we will be able to make the difference between 4G, 5G. So if we talk about, this is the 4G, and how this 5G requirements are there, and what we have to improve in our 4G so that we can achieve the target of 5G. So first one is the user experienced data rate, right? So in the starting, if we are getting 10 Mbps, now users should be able to get 100 Mbps all around, at every point of space, or at every scenario you can say, in the moving scenario also, that high mobility scenario also, and if it is even static, so that also, this should be the minimum speed, 100 Mbps.

Then if you talk about the spectrum efficiency, as I told you, it should be increased three times, means at a per hertz, if I am able to send one bit in the 4G, now I should be able to three bit per hertz, right? So this is as example. So spectrum efficiency will have to increase. Mobility means, up to 4G we were able to handle the mobility by mobility speed up to 350 kilometer per hour, but now we are taking the example of bullet trains, like in Japan, in China also now it's gonna do. So with this high mobility also we should be able to provide the seamless connectivity. So this should be the, I mean, this is target for the speed.

Now if we talk about the latency, means in 4G we can just take the example of latency, like 10 millisecond was the performance for the latency, but now we are going to decrease the latency up to 1 millisecond in the 5G. How it will be helpful, we will see this diagram, what does it mean by latency. Now connection density means, in the starting we were able to connect the ten to the power five devices per kilometer area; now in the same one kilometer area we should be able to connect ten to the power six devices, means ten times connected devices we have to increase.

Network energy efficiency, as I told you, that in the starting the tower has to transmit the power in all the directions; now through the beamforming, towards a particular user which want to get the data, we can just direct the energy in that direction, and that's why we will be able to save, we will be able to enhance the network energy efficiency also. And then area traffic capacity. Area traffic capacity means megabits per second per meter square, because we have to deploy the tower at a, means after a distance we have to deploy again and again a tower, means it is so that one tower can provide a coverage area, in certain area it can provide the coverage, right? So that's why, based on that tower, how much users can get connected with that tower, so based on that we are defining the area traffic capacity, means how many megabits per second per meter square the data rate it can provide. And peak data, it should go to the 20 Gbps, right?

So this is what, means we are enhancing from 4G to 5G with all these performance parameters: spectral efficiency, user experience data rate, mobility, latency, connection density. So in all these parameters we have to enhance our technology.

So now if you will see here, and you will divide the user case of 5G, we have the three user case mainly. First one is enhanced mobile broadband connectivity. We can see where we have to work on the spectral efficiency, means green color is there, no? So this parameter will mainly focus here for this use case: spectral efficiency, user experience data rate, peak data rate, area traffic capacity, energy efficiency. So these will be, because we have to enhance the mobile broadband connectivity throughout the world, so this will be the main parameter for this use case.

Another use case is ultra reliable low latency communication. Now I want to give you one example. See, we are taking the example of health care, where a doctor at very far place want to treat or want to operate one patient at another place, and if it is just controlling his instrument from a far place, and it is giving direction through the internet, and even if a millisecond delay is there, so it can harm a lot. So that's why in those scenario particularly, latency is very important factor. So that's why we have to reduce the latency. We are talking about the industry control, right, industry operation, where we have to control all the instrument of industry from a far place through the internet, so there also latency is a very big hurdle, means we have to keep the latency as minimum as possible. So that's why in the 4G it was 10 millisecond, and here now we want to decrease latency up to one millisecond. We are, Paulraj sir was talking about the driverless vehicles, right? So in that also, if there will be delay of even one millisecond, accident can happen. All the cars will be connected through the internet and they are getting the directions from the internet itself. So there are the parameters where this latency and mobility play very important role.

Now another thing is massive machine type communication. What is the IoT? We are listening about IoT, IoT, IoT. So this is the thing, means in the smart city, in the smart home, where we want to connect all the devices with the internet. So here what comes, connection density, means in a particular area how many devices we can connect with the internet, right, here. So that's why, if you will say, no, in these factors we are working. So that's why ultra reliable low latency communication is main part of 5G, massive machine type communication is also part of 5G, it was not in the 4G. So these are the main advantages of the 5G here.

And obviously for the enhancement of the user experience we are enhancing the data rate, we are enhancing the coverage, so that seamless connectivity we can provide. So all these applications are there in the 5G only. And obviously we have to enhance the energy efficiency, we have to utilize our energy also as efficiently as possible. So these are the performance parameters, and based on these performance parameters we are providing these different user cases, right? So to achieve that, what we are doing and what features we are making in our new technologies, so this is the main thing where research is going on, where the test bed we are making, so how to implement it, how to get these data rate, the seamless connectivity, so we are working on that, right?

So as I told you, that for the 5G use case we have divided into three parts: enhanced mobile broadband, ultra reliable low latency communication, massive machine type communication. That is the main feature of 5G only, right? So here in these applications are there, loads of applications are there, means we want to watch the video, cloud gaming, augmented reality, virtual reality, enhancement mobile media, mobile home broadband TV. We are getting now also, but we want to just enhance our user experience by providing the high data speed, right? In-car operation wireless. And when we are talking about the ultra reliable, so industry automation, remote manufacturing or surgery, self-driving vehicles, ultra reliable applications, so for this latency is a very important parameter.

Then massive machine type communication, like smart homes, buildings, factories, where all the devices are connected with the internet. Utility, smart agricultures, again with the agriculture machines also are driven by the internet, logistics, smart city. Because when we are talking about the smart city, what does it mean? That in the city every device is connected through the internet, and we can transmit information, as it was discussed, that to decrease the crime rate also, right? So when everything will be connected with the internet, so we can pass the information in very short duration, so that will be helpful in that scenario. Okay.

So when I was talking about the 3GPP, so to implement the standard given by the ITU, International Telecommunication Union, there is this body 3GPP. Actually it was made up for the third generation, but it is also playing important role in the 4G and 5G also. So this is providing the release of the specification, like release 15, 16. Now up to 16 it has come; in the next year, like in 2020, release 17 is coming. So it is providing the specification.

So here if you will see, in the release 15 it was just focusing that what frequency range we gonna use. As sir was telling that 5G can be very harmful, it can be cancer, so these things can happen, so we have to just take care. That now also we are using Wi-Fi, which is on the 5 gigahertz, 2.4 gigahertz. So when we are talking about the frequency range, up to release 15 we were using the sub six gigahertz, means lower than six gigahertz bandwidth, and then we were using up to the twenty four point two gigahertz and fifty two point six gigahertz. So up to here implementation has been done, but we are thinking up to 300 gigahertz, towards the very high frequency range. So there can be really highly possibility of all these health issues, what is there in the mind, right? Because when we are gonna on the very high frequencies, so obviously it can affect the human health. So all these specifications will be given, and then we are working according to the timeline for these standards to get implemented and to get researched, right? So I don't want to go in the deep detail of these technical things, so that's why I'm skipping this slide.

So when we talk about the frequency range, see, when we just talk about the higher frequency range, you know what is the thing, that high frequency can't propagate up to much distance. So cell size is decreasing a lot. If you will see that when we are in the below one gigahertz, the cellular size, means one tower, can serve up to the two kilometer range. If we are using the one gigahertz frequency, like 900 megahertz band we are using, so tower can serve up to two kilometer range. But when we are moving towards the two, three gigahertz, so we can take example of a router, Wi-Fi, so it can serve our home area only, right? So as we are increasing the frequency, their coverage area is decreasing a lot.

So that's why there is coming the norms of the macro cell, micro cell, femto cells and pico cells, all these cellular structure. Because we are studying about the generation of cellular generation, one, two, three, 5G generation, cellular generation. So when we are increasing our frequency range, 300, 60 gigahertz, 90 gigahertz, our coverage range is decreasing, because high frequency can't propagate or can't tolerate the intermediate hindrance in between them, so they will get absorbed and they can't travel a distance. So that's why their coverage area will be very slow. So that's why massive deployment of the towers or small cells we have to do. Obviously their height will be not as much of the big towers now we are watching for the 3G, 4G; they will be small towers, small size cells, right? So this we have to deploy.

And this is our frequency bands, because now currently also we are using these bands, cellular bands, around 900 megahertz up to 6 gigahertz. So these will be the 5G primary bands, and after that what we are using, new bands like up to 60 gigahertz, 90 gigahertz, and we will go slowly towards the 300 gigahertz. So these are the complement bands for capacity enhancement. When we are talking about the 1 Gbps data rate, 10 Gbps data rate, so this data rate is possible only on the high frequency range.

So as it is shown here, that when we were using low frequency, when the cellular area was very high, for the micro, when we are moving toward 2.5 to five gigahertz, so it can cover up to the hundred meter area, and for the five gigahertz range it can cover ten meter area. So cell size is decreasing a lot. So this is a very big challenge, that we have to deploy lots of many small cells if we want to achieve this much coverage, seamless coverage. So this is the main thing here.

So again we just want to discuss the applications or use cases of the 5G. So interaction between human and IoT, means where all the internet of things, all the devices, are connected with the internet, and we want to control those devices through human interference, so we can control through the internet. Critical control of remote devices, right? So remotely if you want to operate the devices, again 5G will be used. Media everywhere, if you want to get the media, if you want to watch the movie, if you want to watch the videos. Because now it is very helpful for student, after the corona you can see, sir, means everything was blocked, but now with the help of this internet only we were able to attend the classes, everything was continuing, so it is really very helpful. So similarly smart cities and vehicle transport for the automation of vehicles, and broadband experience every time everywhere, in very crowded place also. So all these things are happening with the 5G, right? So it should be able to serve the ultra dense crowd, massive connectivity, ultra reliable. So these are all the applications of the 5G which was not in the 4G. Okay, so again this is one application slide, somewhat similar, remote control processes, right?

So now I want to talk about what we are doing as a country for the 5G research, right? So there was a 5G test bed, what was totally developed and totally deployed in the India itself by the Indian institutes, and the main reason behind this project was that we want to create an infrastructure for implementing the entire 5G network, means we are not getting any component from outside, we are making every component for the 5G in India itself. And we want to participate, because as we are the part of 3GPP, India as a country, we are the participant of the 3GPP, Third Generation Partnership Project, where all the countries are the part of that group, so we also want to make some contribution towards the 5G. So why, Digital Connectivity programs, Make in India, Startup India, that was the government main initiative, building 5G ecosystem. So in our country we want to create the ecosystem for 5G deployment.

So this project was mainly proposed by the Dr Arogyaswami Paulraj sir. This is a very very famous personality. Paulraj sir served Indian Navy for 22 years, and he did his PhD from IIT Delhi, then he served Stanford University as a professor, and he proposed this project. Because he is the inventor of massive MIMO also, sir, because 5G now using MIMO all around the world, and Paulraj sir was inventor of the MIMO, he has patent for this technology also. So he proposed this project to the government, then Department of Telecommunication funded 240 crore rupees to our institute, and this was a three-year duration project what was started in the 2018, and in October 2021 it's gonna complete. Its deadline was April 2021, but due to some, forward raising, now in October, and it will be open for use as a prototype, right?

So in this, collaborating institutes were IIT Bombay, Hyderabad, Madras, Delhi, IIT Kanpur and IISc Bangalore, Centre of Excellence in Wireless Technology, and this is for advanced microwave electromagnetics engineering, means it is mainly focusing on the electromagnetic radiations and it is working on the hardware component of the massive MIMO. So these were the some tasks divided between these institutes, and they have completed this project here. And mainly 40 investigators, means 40 professors of the IITs, working in these eight institutes, and similarly this is funded project, researchers are working.

So main reason for this project was that to make our students, research students, and our people here in India to be familiar with the technologies, to deploy everything in India itself. So that's why this project was there. And the major goals of 5G testbed was that to increase telecom products startup in India. So we want to try to produce the product what is used for the 5G technology in India itself, so that there will be no need to import those things. It will be helpful for new startups also. Multiply R&D capability to develop 5G solution India market, right? So increase India participation in global forums like 3GPP and ITU and IEEE. So this was also the main reason of this project.

So actually we are talking about all these things, but there are challenges also to deploy this 5G technology here, because there are many new things we are doing, and that is done first time all over the world. Like integrated millimeter waves radio, means this is the first time we are using the millimeter waves for the communication purpose. What will be their effect? As in the starting itself, Paulraj sir was telling that how it will affect the human health, till now it has not been investigated much. So to use these millimeter waves we have to use the massive MIMO subsystem, where very small height antenna will be there and we will be able to work on the beamforming. So all these things are developed here in India, in these labs, what are the contributing partners of this project, right?

Then completely new baseband unit for the 5G towers, protocol stack completely, because in the computer network there is a 7 layer protocol unit, so all the protocol specifications are given by 3GPP and we have to develop software for that. And the 5G core network also we are deploying, means everything at a one bench we are trying to deploy here. And here cloud RAN, internet of things. Security also will be a major issue, because when we are connecting these many massive devices with each other, so there is a high responsibility for their security also. So this also will be a very big parameter to tackle here.

Then software defined network, network function virtualization architecture, these are also new challenges to address, because these techniques are there, software defined network and network function virtualization. What they are doing, they are just enhancing the, means there is no need to deploy hardware for every function. We are generating a general purpose system, and inside that we can create any network function. So this is a different technology to enhance the capacity of the system.

So this will be complete testbed here, where we are using the towers on which massive MIMO antennas are there. These are user equipment, we can say. These are also, because their motherboard, their chips etc, all are developed here. And then baseband unit. If you are talking about the towers, in the starting this baseband and the radio unit were combined, but after the 4G and 5G we are having radio unit, means which is transmitting the information, will be at the top of antenna, and baseband unit will be below the tower. So all the infrastructure, software, hardware, we have to work according to fulfill the specification and requirements of the 5G, right?

So similarly now we are moving on the 6G also, where, if we are listening about SpaceX, right, so it is sending so many satellites in the space. So in the 6G everything will be connected through the satellites. So that will be the next generation, to provide ultra fast internet access, and smart home, smart city. So satellite and the unmanned aerial vehicle drones will play important role in this. And 7G, space roaming, means now we are having roaming, means one service provided from one cell to another cell and seamless connectivity is there; similar, in space also we will provide one, means we will make the world completely wireless, and this is the target up to 2040.

And here the very important thing is that, when we are talking about 5G, it is not so that we are just ignoring all the previous technology. So there are aggregators, means we are making the system like that we can use LTE, GSM, Wi-Fi also along with the fifth generation technology. So devices will be manufactured accordingly, and later on obviously we can just completely move on the 5G, but at the current point we are just combining the previous technology in our instrument and then we are using the 5G. So that's it from my side. Thank you so much. If you want to ask any question, you are most welcome.

Yes, thank you very much for a very illuminating talk, and I have a few questions that people have asked. Yes. The first question is, how does 5G affect society? How this 5G affect society... Okay, we can move on to the next one. How does 5G affect the economy of a country? So if we talk about the economy, like, because I was just reading a report, and this 5G is gonna very huge market, because everything will be, like all the products will be, so if you will be implementing all the product inside the India, so it will be very helpful for us, but if we have to export the equipment, then it will be happy for us.

Okay. How long will it take for India to be 5G everywhere? Sir, up to 2025, because now itself it is in the prototype stage and testing is starting yet. So slowly we will be able to, even though we can say that the deployment has not started fully in the India. I was talking about this project because now this also will be completed to October end, and when commercialization will start, it's not finalized here, but when we talk about the spectrum licensing, so it will start from the next year. So proper deployment, it will take, I think, next two years from my point of view.

I have another question. Will 5G replace Wi-Fi? No, no sir. Wi-Fi actually, what we will see here, that in our house what we are using, Wi-Fi we are using, but that is using a different frequency band, right, 2.5 gigahertz and 5 gigahertz. So slowly, if we are able to get the small cells, when we are talking about the femto cells, so maybe this condition, that we are using the very high millimeter waves and they will provide very very high data rate, so in that case obviously we can change Wi-Fi by the 5G for the high frequency bands.

Another question is, will 5G help with reception of communication, reception of voice? Obviously sir, because we are increasing the data rate and the speed, but now also when we're talking about the voice, there is a frequency range in the voice signal, means voice signal can be up to four kilohertz, so accordingly that which bandwidth is required for us, up to 8 kilohertz, and that is very high. So now in current scenario also we are having very good voice quality.

You know, now in the media also, when you are listening to the news channels, when the anchor asks a question, it takes a little time for the person who has to respond to understand the question and then come back. Will this latency... How much will this latency... This latency was a very big parameter that I was talking, no, that we have to reduce the latency from 10 millisecond to one millisecond, and then this effect will go away in 5G for sure.

Do we really need 5G? Yes sir, these many applications I told you, that as a IoT and smart home, smart city, if you want to give ace to our life, so that's why there is the need of 5G. Automotive industry, industry operations are there, and to control the industry remotely, to control our appliances remotely, so that's why there is need of it.

Achieving the countries that have already switched on or moved across to 5G, what is the experience that they are having, as opposed to countries that have not moved over to 5G? So I have no throw about the experiences what they are having. So okay.

All right, doctor, I have one question to ask you. With this, very high percentage of people are holding these mobile phones with them right now. In India also it's close to 75 or 80 percent of the population is holding these. Bulk of the handsets that we have are 4G. When the 5G comes into place, will the handset have to be changed? Yes, it's a win-win situation for the companies manufacturing the handsets and also the packaging industry, because every handset is going to be packaged. It's a big economic boost for them. Right sir, right, because when we have to go for the new technology, obviously there will be changes in the equipment, so also user equipments also. And you are talking only about the mobile phones, but the consumer premises equipments also, like what we are having in the home itself, like routers, our outputs we are having, so these devices also will be changed completely. So you are right in that case. Thank you.

I, from the United States, they said, direct spending on capital and labor, we estimate that 5G deployment will contribute dollar 400 billion to dollar 500 billion to the United States GDP and create up to 800,000 jobs to a million jobs from 2020 to 2030. The direct impact represents about 30 of the total value potential from 5G. So you know, if this is just 30 percent, a hundred percent would be just explosive in nature for the society. Right, because if you've been seeing, as I told you, that when we have to deploy these small cells, no, pico cells, so we have to deploy them in a very massive manner, like in the very very small small distances we have to deploy these pico cells. So to deploy these many small cells in this very large area, obviously large labor is required. So these reports is going in this way, that for the deployment of 5G it's gonna take huge labor, and it will obviously affect the society.

Will there be a change in skill set requirement of the people who work in the telecom industry now, when 5G comes in? Sir, here what I want to say, that when we are deploying these things, that when we are making the specification software for these products, so totally specification is there, and we have to deploy and we have to develop the software according to that manner. So skill set, is what we are using as a 5G, and as a like protocol developer we are talking, and the tester we are saying, so obviously new skill set, what we can say, that what we are using now, so little increment will be required. This new scenario, new frequency range will be there, so how to tackle those things, that will be new skills we have to learn.

Dr Lohan, thank you very much for answering these questions, and I now hand over the proceedings back to the president.

Thank you. My pleasure to join with you. It was really nice, very much, without going into the technical details. The enhanced mobile broadband, then ultra reliable low latency, and also the using practical uses to reach the support, this is the main thesis in the end you have said about the 5G. I have some misgivings, but I think with the passage of time that may get clarified. ITU at the moment is mostly concerned with harmonization of the various spectrums and various countries. It has no legal powers. There can be some misuses by some players, and therefore again the legal powers will have to come into play. It is just a sort of advising or a harmonizing agency.

A second is that the spectrum allocation, very important it is. That at the moment for India the spectrum allocation is purely confined to the government. At one time it was given to one group, and still the case is going in the court, at hakes international code, by why it was given to a private player. The spectrum allocation, those will cause a lot of problem, as to how the allocations there, and whether it's going to interfere with spectrum allocation or not.

The other dynamic issue which I feel is that, as far as I am concerned, I am concerned already, I am in a space roaming condition after listening to you, and when you say 7G will bring you almost into mental space roaming condition, I think the gravitation or the human body's weight will be totally lost and you will only be moving in the space with the brains, your brain and network and brain. Thank you.

The next point which I like to mention is about the adverse effect. You know that a lot of research is still going on. WHO is still researching. Of course the low risk they have already indicated, but the high risk they have not yet have any evidence. ISAM also is doing that, and but they have said no, group B risk is there, not group A. The apprehensions are, the WHO researches may not get delayed by certain interested pressure group, as it always happens in the case of this very very big military, and it may cause a risk to the health. These are some of the questions which arise in my mind, and with these words I thank you very much for a very very illustrative and very very effective presentation.

Thank you, Dr Lohan. We people like me have benefited. Those who are already knowing something about 5G, 4G, they must have been benefited immensely. Our next again interactive session is on the radiation from the communication towers, a health hazard. This is again an environmental problem, and we are going to discuss it on 22nd October, again 6 p.m. to 7 p.m., and Dr Anupam Tyagi, a well-known person who knows very much about what these communication towers are, whether they are adversely affecting environment, whether they are necessary, how much spacing has to be there, all these things will be discussed by him. I request all the delegates present here to join us at this particular understand and be understood session.

One more point to emphasize, which the moderator or the chairman is already, that we are also going to start, as he told you, a series of webinars on defense and homeland security. This will be almost once a month initially, and probably we may increase it too. This is going to be very very important topical subjects on the homeland security as well as defense. Please be with us, support us, join us and encourage us. Thank you very much everyone who is present there. Thank you so much.

Thank you very much everyone. Thank you very much. Thank you sir. Thank you so much, very kind of you to be here with us. Thank you, it's all my pleasure sir. Thank you so much, Dr Poonam, thanks very much. It's very very illuminating and we got to know a lot about 5G. Thanks. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you so much ma'am. Thank you. Thank you everyone.